Problem Solving (Part 1): Understanding the Type of Problem You’re Facing

Leaders solve problems every single day.

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Some are small.
Some are urgent.
Some are predictable.
Some are messy and unclear.

But here’s what most leaders miss:

Not all problems are the same.

One of the most helpful lessons from FM 6-0 (Commander and Staff Organization and Operations) is this:

Before you try to solve a problem, you must first understand what type of problem you’re dealing with.

Because the structure of the problem determines the approach.

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What Is a Problem?

According to Army doctrine, a problem is:

An issue or obstacle that makes it difficult to achieve a desired goal or end state.

Simple definition. Powerful implications.

If you’re not reaching your desired end state, something is interfering. That interference is the problem.

The complexity of that interference determines whether the problem is:

• Well-structured

• Medium-structured

• Ill-structured

Understanding that distinction is leadership maturity.

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Well-Structured Problems

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These are the most straightforward.

Well-structured problems:

• Are easy to identify

• Have required information available

• Have relatively obvious solution methods

• Have verifiable solutions

They may still be difficult—but they are clear.

Examples:

In Education

• A scheduling conflict

• A grading calculation error

• A bus transportation issue

• A technology malfunction

In Coaching

• Incorrect player alignment

• Practice timing adjustments

• Equipment logistics

In Business

• Budget math

• Supply chain tracking

• Deadline planning

• Project timelines

You know what the problem is.
You know what “done” looks like.
You just need to execute.

For these problems, leaders rely on experience, checklists, procedures, or standard operating processes.

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Medium-Structured Problems

Now things get more complicated.

Medium-structured problems:

• Are more interactively complex

• Have multiple variables

• Require judgment

• Have more than one possible solution

• Involve disagreement about how to apply principles

The end state may be clear—but how to get there isn’t.

Examples:

In Education

• Improving student engagement

• Addressing behavior patterns

• Raising overall academic performance

• Implementing a new curriculum

In Coaching

• Designing a defensive strategy

• Managing team chemistry

• Adjusting scheme to opponent strengths

In Business

• Entering a new market

• Reorganizing departments

• Responding to competitive pressure

Leaders may agree on the goal—but disagree on the path.

These problems require iteration. Discussion. Adjustment. Sometimes multiple attempts.

There is no formula that works every time.

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Ill-Structured Problems

These are the hardest.

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Ill-structured problems are:

• Complex

• Nonlinear

• Dynamic

• Constantly evolving

• Difficult to define clearly

• Disagreed upon in terms of both solution and end state

With ill-structured problems, leaders may not even agree on:

• What the real problem is

• What success looks like

• Whether the end state is achievable

Examples:

In Education

• Culture decline

• Community distrust

• Chronic absenteeism

• Long-term performance gaps

In Coaching

• A losing program identity crisis

• Deep internal conflict

• Rebuilding team standards

In Business

• Brand erosion

• Organizational collapse

• Market disruption

• Ethical breakdown

These problems require design thinking, reflection, reframing, and deeper analysis before jumping to solutions.

If you try to apply a checklist to an ill-structured problem, you’ll fail.

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Why This Matters

Many leadership failures don’t come from poor effort.

They come from misidentifying the problem structure.

Leaders treat:

• Ill-structured problems like well-structured ones

• Medium problems like quick fixes

• Complex issues like math equations

And when the solution doesn’t work, frustration grows.

The first step in problem solving is not solving.

It’s diagnosing.

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Not Every Problem Needs a 10-Page Plan

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Doctrine makes another critical point:

Not all problems require lengthy analysis.

Some problems can be solved quickly using experience.

Others require a systematic approach.

The real objective isn’t just solving the near-term issue.
It’s solving it in a way that supports long-term success.

Quick fixes that create bigger problems later are not leadership wins.

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Final Thought

Problem solving is not about being the smartest person in the room.

It’s about asking the right question first:

What kind of problem am I dealing with?

Well-structured?
Medium-structured?
Ill-structured?

Once you understand the structure, the path forward becomes clearer.

In the next post, we’ll walk through the Army’s systematic approach to solving well- and medium-structured problems—and how you can apply it in education, coaching, and business.

Because better problem-solving builds better leaders.

Teach it. Coach it. Lead.
JVD

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Sources & Credits

Concepts in this article are derived from FM 6-0, Commander and Staff Organization and Operations, and ADRP 5-0 regarding problem structure and design methodology.

This post was drafted with the assistance of AI (ChatGPT) and edited by Mr. VanDusen.

The Ethical Triangle: A Simple Framework for Better Decisions

Leadership gets complicated fast.

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Pressure builds.
Information is incomplete.
Emotions run high.
Stakeholders disagree.

And somewhere in the middle of all that, you have to make a decision.

The problem isn’t usually a lack of intelligence. It’s a lack of structure. When ethical decisions get messy, leaders need a framework that forces clarity.

That’s where the Ethical Triangle comes in.

The Ethical Triangle examines decisions from three angles:

1. Principles-Based Ethics

2. Values-Based Ethics

3. Consequences-Based Ethics

Instead of reacting emotionally or impulsively, the triangle forces leaders to pause and analyze from multiple perspectives before acting.

Let’s break it down.

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1. Principles-Based Ethics — What Rules or Duties Apply?

Principles-based ethics focuses on duties, laws, rules, and moral obligations.

This approach asks:

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• What policies apply here?

• What laws govern this decision?

• What professional standards must I uphold?
  

• What commitments have I made?

In education, this might involve student privacy laws or district policy.
In business, it might involve contracts or compliance regulations.
In leadership, it might involve professional codes of conduct.

Principles create boundaries. They prevent chaos and ensure fairness.

However, principles alone do not solve every ethical dilemma. Sometimes rules conflict. Sometimes they don’t fully address complex human situations.

That’s why the triangle has two other sides.

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2. Values-Based Ethics — What Aligns With Our Core Beliefs?

Values-based ethics focuses on identity and character.

It asks:

• Who are we as an organization?

• What do we claim to stand for?

• Does this decision reflect integrity?

• Does it align with our mission?

This approach connects directly to organizational values—whether that’s honesty, service, loyalty, respect, accountability, or excellence.

If principles are the guardrails, values are the compass.

A decision might technically follow the rules but still violate the spirit of your organization’s stated beliefs. When that happens, trust erodes.

Values force leaders to ask:
Is this consistent with who we say we are?

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3. Consequences-Based Ethics — Who Is Affected and How?

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Consequences-based ethics examines outcomes.

It asks:

• Who benefits from this decision?

• Who might be harmed?

• What are the short-term impacts?

• What are the long-term ripple effects?

• Does this create more good than harm?

In schools, this might mean considering student morale or parental trust.
In business, it might mean evaluating employee impact or customer confidence.
In leadership, it might mean weighing reputation and culture.

Consequences force leaders to think beyond the immediate moment and consider broader impact.

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Why You Need All Three

If you rely only on principles, you risk becoming rigid.
If you rely only on values, you risk inconsistency.
If you rely only on consequences, you risk justifying questionable actions for “the greater good.”

The strength of the Ethical Triangle is balance.

Strong leaders examine decisions from all three perspectives before acting.

When a decision aligns with:

• Sound principles

• Core values

• Responsible consequences

It becomes defensible, transparent, and credible.

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How the Ethical Triangle Applies Everywhere

In Schools

• Discipline decisions

• 

  Photo by 愚木混株 Yumu on Unsplash

  
  Grading disputes

• Parent communication

• Policy enforcement

In Coaching

• Playing time decisions

• Conflict resolution

• Team standards

• Injury management

In Business

• Hiring and firing

• Budget allocation

• Competitive strategy

• Crisis management

The framework slows you down just enough to make better decisions without becoming paralyzed.

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A Free Decision-Making Tool

To make this practical, I created an Ethical Triangle Decision-Making Framework that walks leaders through each side step-by-step.

It’s available FREE here:
👉 https://johnvandusen.com/books%2Fjournals%2Fproducts/ols/products/ethical-triangle-decision-making-framework

Use it for leadership meetings.
Use it for staff development.
Use it for personal reflection.

Ethical clarity builds organizational strength.

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Final Thought

Ethical decisions rarely come with flashing warning signs. They arrive quietly—often disguised as pressure, urgency, or convenience.

The Ethical Triangle gives leaders structure in moments that matter most.

Examine the principles.
Test against your values.
Evaluate the consequences.

That’s how trust is built.
That’s how integrity is protected.
That’s how leaders stay credible—even under pressure.

Teach it. Coach it. Lead.
JVD

Understanding Culture: Edgar Schein’s 3 Levels Explained

 Every organization has a culture.

You can feel it when you walk into a building.
You can sense it in meetings.
You can see it in how people talk to each other.

Photo by Haseeb Jamil on Unsplash

But culture isn’t just “vibes.” It’s layered, complex, and powerful.

One of the most useful frameworks for understanding culture comes from organizational psychologist Edgar Schein, who described culture as operating on three distinct levels:

1. Artifacts

2. Espoused Beliefs and Values

3. Underlying Assumptions

If you want to lead change, improve morale, or strengthen performance, you must understand all three.

Let’s break it down.

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Level 1: Artifacts — What You Can See

Artifacts are the visible parts of culture.

They include:

• Dress code

• Office layout

• Classroom setup

• Rituals and traditions

• Language and jargon

• Slogans on the wall

• Awards and recognition systems

• How meetings are run

Artifacts are easy to observe—but often difficult to interpret.

For example:

• An open-door policy sign is an artifact.

• A mission statement on the wall is an artifact.

• A team chant before a game is an artifact.

But artifacts alone don’t tell you whether those values are actually lived out.

Artifacts show you what the organization says and displays. They do not automatically reveal what the organization truly believes.

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Level 2: Espoused Beliefs and Values — What We Say We Believe

This level includes the stated values, philosophies, and strategies an organization claims to uphold.

Examples:

• “We value teamwork.”

• “Students come first.”

• “Safety is our top priority.”

• “We are customer-focused.”

• “We believe in accountability.”

Photo by Beau Carpenter on Unsplash

These beliefs shape policies, expectations, and decision-making.

But here’s the leadership challenge:

Sometimes what organizations say they believe does not match what they actually reward or tolerate.

When artifacts and espoused values align, trust grows.
When they don’t, cynicism spreads.

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Level 3: Underlying Assumptions — What We Actually Believe

This is the deepest level of culture.

Underlying assumptions are the unconscious beliefs that truly drive behavior.

They are rarely written down.
They are often invisible.
But they are incredibly powerful.

Examples:

• “Conflict should be avoided.”

• “Leaders shouldn’t admit mistakes.”

• “Results matter more than relationships.”

• “New ideas are risky.”

• “Change is dangerous.”

These assumptions shape daily decisions without people even realizing it.

If you want to change culture, you must uncover these assumptions. Adjusting artifacts without addressing assumptions is like painting over rust.

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Why This Matters for Leaders

Many leaders try to change culture by changing artifacts.

They redesign the office.
They update the logo.
They rewrite the mission statement.
They introduce new slogans.

But if underlying assumptions stay the same, nothing meaningful changes.

Real cultural change requires:

• Honest conversations

• Alignment between words and actions

• Leaders modeling the values they claim

• Systems that reinforce the right behaviors

• Consistency over time

Culture is not built by posters. It’s built by patterns.

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How This Applies to Schools, Teams, and
Businesses

In Schools

Artifacts: classroom décor, grading systems, staff meetings.
Espoused values: “We care about students.”
Assumptions: Do we truly believe every student can succeed?

In Athletics

Photo by Austin Distel on Unsplash

Artifacts: uniforms, slogans, pregame rituals.
Espoused values: “Team first.”
Assumptions: Do we reward selfish play if it wins games?

In Business

Artifacts: company branding, office perks, leadership messaging.
Espoused values: “People are our greatest asset.”
Assumptions: Are decisions actually made based on short-term profit over people?

Alignment across all three levels builds credibility.

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If You Want to Diagnose Your Culture

Ask these three questions:

1. What do we display? (Artifacts)

2. What do we say we believe? (Espoused Values)

3. What behaviors are consistently rewarded or tolerated? (Underlying Assumptions)

Where there is alignment, culture is strong.
Where there is misalignment, culture fractures.

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See It in Action

I recently presented on culture and climate for M.J. Electric, walking through Schein’s framework and how it applies to real organizations under pressure.

You can watch a clip that describes a potential artifact here:
👉 https://youtu.be/VGvS9pUOH1s?si=nwTAmceqLTY4VG0M

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Final Thought

Culture is not accidental.
It is built layer by layer.

Artifacts show the surface.
Beliefs explain the strategy.
Assumptions reveal the truth.

If you want to strengthen your organization, don’t just adjust the visible pieces. Go deeper. Align all three levels.

That’s how real culture change happens.

Teach. Coach. Lead.
JVD

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Sources & Credits

The Three Levels of Organizational Culture framework was developed by Edgar Schein and outlined in his work Organizational Culture and Leadership (Jossey-Bass).

This post was drafted with the assistance of AI (ChatGPT) and edited by Mr. VanDusen.